Input Lang

Simply speaking, AI has input, process and output.

Input means includes various languages such as japanese, english, and C, Java.

review of each language once more.

A German

Noun, Article, Verb, Preposition and others is important

in Human – Machine language

Preface

All nouns are capitalized.

Bruder, Freund, Mantel

Adjectives that are used as nouns are capitalized.

Neue, Schöne, gewisse Etwas

Adjectives of nationality are not capitalized.

Der deutsche Außenminister, das französische Parfüm

Dependent clauses are always set off by commas.

Das Hemd, das du trägst, kostet 20 Mark.

(The shirt that you’re wearing costs 20 marks.)

Any phrase that contains zu, um zu, ohne zu, or

anstatt zu, is set off by a comma.

Es ist wichtig, ihn mitzunehmen.

(It is important to take him along.)

Sie ging ins Theater, um Hamlet zu sehen.

(She went to the theater to see Hamlet.)

Word Order

Sentences consist of two basic parts. <subject and predicate>

A subject is the sentence unit that originates the action or

the condition indicated by the verb.

Er spielt die Violine. (Subject is [Er])

(He plays the violin.)

Schnee bedeckt die Stadt. (Subject is [Schnee])

(Snow covers the city.)

The subject is not always the first element of sentence.

Other parts of sentence may precede it.

Dann geht ern ach Hause. ([Dann] is adverb.)

(Then he goes home.)

Glauben kann ich ihm nicht. ([Glauben] is infinitive.)

(I cannot believe him.)

Verloren habe ich es gestern. ([Verloren] is past participle.)

(I lost it yesterday.)

Ein guter Mensch ist er trotzdem.

(Yet he is a good man.)

Seine Frau läßt er zu Hause. (Seine Frau is direct object.)

(He leaves his wife at home.)

Ihrem Sohn gibt sie eine Uhr. (Ihrem Sohn is indirect object.)

(Sie gives a watch to her son.)

A predicate expresses what is said about the subject.

There are two types of objects: direct or indirect

A noun following the verb in the accusative is a direct object.

e.g. Er liest die Zeitung. (He reads the newspaper.)

die Zeitung is direct object

A noun following the verb in the dative is an indirect object.

e.g. Sie schreibt dem Lehrer. (She writes to the teacher.)

der Lehrer is indirect object

object usually precedes the direct object.

e.g. Er schreibt dem Lehrer einen Brief.

(He writes a letter to the teacher.)

Lehrer is indirect object and Brief is direct object

It is not always necessary to have an object in a sentence.

e.g. Er studiert.

Er kommt morgen.

The sentence can be made into a negative sentence

by using “nicht”.

e.g. Das war er. → Das war nicht er.

Sie ging in die Schule. → Sie ging nicht in die Schule.

“Nicht” precedes a predicate adjective, noun, etc.

e.g. Das Wetter war nicht schön.

(The weather was not beautiful.)

Das ist nicht der Mann.

(That is not the man.)

“Nicht” precedes past participles and infinitives.

e.g. Er hat heute nicht gearbeitet.

(He did not work today.)

Wir warden dich morgen nicht treffen.

(We will not meet you tomorrow.)

“Nicht” precedes separable prefixes.

e.g. Ich hole dich morgen nicht ab.

(I will not pick you up tomorrow.)

Heute kommt er nicht zurück.

(He will not come back today.)

“Nicht” can stand at the end of sentence for special

emphasis or when the entire sentence is to be negated,

e.g. Er gab es ihm nicht. (He did not give it to him.)

Er kommt leider nicht.

(Unfortunately, he will not come)

The subject follows the verb in an interrogative sentence.

e.g. Ist er zu Hause ? (Is he at home ?)

Spielt er karten ? (Does he play cards ?)

Welchen Film bevorzugen Sie ?

(Which film do you prefer ?)

A simple sentence has only one subject and one predicate.

Now that the German preface becomes too long,

the following explanations will be simplified.

Noun

Nouns have three genders

masculine, feminine, neuter

Gender of nouns are indicated by definite article

der (masculine), die (feminine), das (neuter)

Gender does not always coincide with biological gender.

Nouns should be memorized along with their articles.

Gender of nouns may depend on nouns ending.

Nouns ending in –er can be masculine, feminine, or neuter

e.g. masculine der Vater (father) der Bruder (brother)

feminine die Mutter (mother) die Schwester (sister)

neuter das Wetter (weather) das Wasser (water)

Nouns ending in –en, -el, -ling, or -s can be masculine

e.g. der Magen (stomach), der Flügel (wing),

der Feigling (coward), der Schlips (tie)

Most tree, flower, and fruit are feminine

e.g. die Tanne (fir tree), Eiche (oak tree)

die Rose (rose), die Nelke (carnation)

die Banane (banana), die Birne (pear)

Exceptions :

der Apfel (apple) masculine

der Pfirsich (peach) masculine

Nouns ending in

–age, -ei, -heit, -ie, -ion, -itis, -keit, -schaft, -tät, and -ung

are feminine

e.g. die Garage (garage), die Bäckerei (bakery),

die Weisheit (wisdom), die Melodie (melody),

die Operation (operation), die Pleurtis (pleurisy),

die Menschlichkeit (humanitz), die Wissenschaft (science)

die Universität (university), die Hoffnung (hope)

Nouns ending in

-il, -ium, -ma, -ment, -nis, -tel, -tum, and -um

are neuter

das Fossil (fossil), das Stadium (stage),

das Klima (climate), das Instrument (instrument),

das Hindernis (obstacle), das Zehntel (tenth),

das Christentum (Christianity), das Album (album)

Exceptions :

der Irrtum (error)

der Reichtum (wealth)

Diminutives ending in –chen or –lein are neuter.

These endings convey smallness or affection.

e.g. der Stern (star) das Sternchen (little star)

die Maus (mouse) das Mäuschen (little mouse)

der Mann (man) das Männlein (little man)

There are no definite rules for the formation of noun plurals.

The plural article for all three genders is “die”.

Case is the inflectional form of a noun indicating

its grammatical relation to other words.

Noun has four cases.

Nominative : marking the subject of verb

Accusative : direct object

Dative : indirect object

Genitive : possessive

Group 1 Noun does not change in plural.

Except for adding –n in Dative

Most of these nouns take the endings

-chen, -lein, -el, -en or –er.

Group 2 Noun add -e (-en in Dative) in plural.

Except for adding –n in Dative

Plural vowels sometimes take the umlaut.

Group 3 Noun add –er (-ern in Dative) in plural.

Plural vowels sometimes take the umlaut.

There are no feminine nouns in this declension.

Group 4 Noun add –n or –en to form all cases of plural.

Most of these nouns are feminine.

There are no neuter nouns.

Group 5 Noun add –s in plural.

There is no –n ending in Dative plural.

Declension is similar to that of English nouns.

e.g.

Group 1

singular das Zimmer (room), der Vater (father)

plural die Zimmer, die Väter

(No plural endings)

Group 2

singular der Hund (hand), der Zug (train)

plural die Hunde, die Züge

(plural end in –e)

Group 3

singular der Leib (body), der Glas (glass)

plural die Leiber, die Gläser

(plural end in –er)

Group 4

singular der Junge (boy), der Bett (bed)

plural die Jungen, die Betten

(plural end in –n or -en)

Group 5

singular der Job (job), das Echo (echo)

plural die Jobs, die Echos

(plural end in –s)

Note : there are some irregular nouns

e.g. das Herz (heart) , der Name (name)

Article

Article is word placed before noun

Article referring to specific person or object is called definite article

(Equivalent to English “the”)

Article designating nonspecific person or object is called indefinite article

(Equivalent to English “a” or “an”)

Definite article points to people, object, or concept known or defined.

Singular (nom gen acc dat)

Masculine der des dem den

feminine die der der die

neuter das des dem das

Plural

die der den die

e.g.

singular

masculine

Der Junge ist net. (The boy is nice)

Ich sehe den Mann. (I see the man)

feminine

Er nimmt eine Pille. (He takes a pill)

Ich treffe die Mutter. (I meet the mother)

Neuter

Das Kind ist gut. (The child is good)

Er hilft dem Mädchen. (He helps the girl)

Plural

Die Zeitungen sind hier. (The newspapers are here)

Er liest die Bücher. (He reads the books)

Indefinite article points to something that is unspecified.

There are no plural forms.

Singular

Masculine ein eines einem einen

feminine eine einer einer eine

neuter ein eines einem ein

e.g.

masculine

Ein Junge spielt dort. (A boy plays there)

Er hat einen Wagen. (He has a car)

feminine

Er nimmt eine Pille. (He takes a pill)

Das ist der Name einer Firma. (That is the name of a firm)

neuter

Ein Hotel ist um die Ecke. (A hotel is around the corner)

Er schreibt einem Kind. (He writes to a child)

The indefinite article is omitted after sein (be) and warden (become).

e.g.

Ich bin Japaner. (I am a Japanese)

Mein Vater ist Ingenieur. (My father is an engineer)

It is omitted after als (as)

e.g.

Ich sprach mit ihm als Chef. (I talked to him as a boss)

It is also omitted in certain phrases referring to the body.

e.g.

Er hat Bauchweh. (He has a stomach ache)

Sie hat Temperatur. (She has a temperature)

Verb

Verbs are words describing an action, a process, or a state of being.

Verbs agree with the person of the subject and with its number.

e.g. Du fragst (you ask) Wir schlagen (we sleep)

The basic infinitive ending is -en

e.g. fragen, schlafen

Stems of verbs are frag- and schlaf-.

Verbs change their form to show tense, mood, number and voice.

Verbs have weak and strong verbs.

Weak verb

Verbs adds endings in the following conjugation table to the stem.

person ending

singular

1st -e ich frage

2nd -st du fragst

3rd -t er fragt

4th -en wir fragen

5th -t ihr fragt

6th -en sie fragen

plural

1st -en wir fragen

2nd -t ihr fragt

3rd -en sie fragen

(“ich” is I, “du” is you, “er” is he, “wir” is we,” ihr” is you, “sie” is they)

if the stem of verb ends in –d, -t, -m, or –n,

the vowel –e- is inserted in second and third person singular and second person plural

e.g. du findest (you find)

er arbeitet (you works)

irh atmet (you breathe)

if the stem of verb ends in –s, -x, or –z, the -s- in the ending of second person singular

is omitted.

e.g. du rast (you speed)

du mixt (you mix)

du setzt (you put)

if the stem of verb ends in –eln, the -e- is dropped in first person singular,

e.g. ich klingle (I ring)

ich lächle (I smile)

ich sammle (I collect)

if the stem of verb ends in –eln or –ern, the ending for first and third person plural is –n.

e.g. wir lächeln (we smile)

sie ändern (they change)

e.g. in weak verb

Er findet das Buch. (He finds the book)

Ich sammle Briefmarken. (I collect postage stamps)

Wir lächeln darüber. (We smile about it)

Strong verb

In the present tense, strong verbs change their stem vowels.

Verbs with the stem vowel -a- change it to -ä-

in second and third person singular

e.g. ich farhre (I drive) du fährst er fährt

ich schlage (I sleep) du schläfst er schläft

Verbs with the stem vowel -e- change it to -i- or -e-

e.g. ich gebe (I give) du gibst er gibt

ich lese (I read) du liest er liest

(note) ich esse (I eat) du ißt er ißt

Ich nehme (I take) du nimmst er nimmt

Verbs gehen and stehen have an -e- vowel in the stem,

but no change

e.g. ich gehe (I go) du gehst er geht

ich stehe (I stand) du stehst er steht

Verbs wissen and tun are irregular in the singular and plural

e.g. ich weiß (I know) du weißt er weiß wir wissen ihr wißt

ich tue (I do) du tust er tut wir tun ihr tut

e.g. in strong verb

Er gibt ihm Geld. (He gives him monez)

Sie ißt ihr Frühstück. (She eats her breakfast)

Wir tun das nicht. (We don’t do that)

Preposition

Prepositions are essential parts of language.

We cannot give an adequate instruction to others without prepositions.

German preposition is classified into four groups.

1 Dative

aus bei mit nach seit von zu gegenüber

entgegen entsprechend

e.g.

Ich komme aus Japan. (I come from Japan)

Die Schule ist bei der Apotheke.

(School is next to pharmacy)

Ich reise mit dem Fahrrad. (I travel with bicycle)

Er geht nach Osake. (He goes to Osaka)

Besucher seit 1999 (visitor since 1999)

von dem Kopf zu dem Fuß (from head to foot)

Die Post liegt gegenüber dem Bahnhof.

(The post office is opposite the station.)

entgegen dem Uhrzeigersinn (counter clockwise)

entsprechend dieser Regel (according to the rule)

2 Accusative

durch für ohne bis um gegen wider entlang

e.g.

Wir fahren durch den Fluss.

(We drive through river)

Ich arbeite für dich. (I work for you)

Welt ohne Krieg (world withoug war)

bis Sonntag (see you Sunday)

um die Ecke (around the corner)

Kampf gegen den Krebs (fight agains cancer)

Er handelt wider das Gesetz.

(He acts against the law)

Ich gehe am Fluss entlang. (I go along the river)

3 Dativ / Accusative

an auf hinter in neben über unter vor zwischen

e.g.

Wenn ich an deiner Stelle wäre, würde ich …

(If I were in your position, I would…)

achten auf (pay attention to)

Ich gehe hinter das Haus.

(I go behind the house)

einbinden in (include in)

Ich gehe neben ihr. (I go beside her)

Es gibt eine Brücke über dem Fluss.

(There is a bridge over the river)

Der Hund liegt unter dem Tisch.

(The dog is under the table)

Sie wartet vor der Schule.

(She waits in front of the school)

Ein Vertrag zwischen Kyoto und Osaka.

(A contract between the Kyoto and Osaka)

4 Genitive

anstatt aufgrund statt wegen während auserhalb

e.g.

Ich will anstatt der Pommes lieber mehr Salat.

(I want more salad instead of French fries)

Diskriminierung aufgrund des Glaubens

(Discrimination due to beliefs)

Ich gebe den Schmuck statt des Gelds

(I give jewelry instead of money)

wegen eines Fehlers (due to mistake)

während des Jahres 1920 (during 1920)

außerhalb des Bereichs (Out of the area)

Others

The following is not essential as HML, but

I will explain it a little.

1 Adjective

Adjective is a word that describe or modify nouns.

Adjective agrees with the noun modifying in gender and number.

e.g. der nette Junge (nice boy)

weak endings

if adjective is preceded by definite article, it takes weak endings.

Case

singular masculine singular feminine

-e -e

-en -en

-en -e

singular neuter plural

-e -en

-en -en

-e -en

e.g.

singular masculine singular feminine

der neue Hut die gute Frau

des neuen Hutes der guten Frau

dem neuen Hut der guten Frau

den neuen Hut die gute Frau

singular neuter plural

das alte Radio die neuen Eltern

des alten Radios der neuen Eltern

dem alten Radio den neuen Eltern

das alte Radio die neuen Eltern

note: neue Hut (new Hat), gute Frau (good woman), alte Radio (old radio)

strong endings

if adjective is not preceded by any of articles, it takes strong endings.

Case

singular masculine singular feminine

-er -e

-en -er

-em -er

-en -e

singular neuter plural

-es -e

-en -er

-em -en

-es -e

e.g.

singular masculine singular feminine

alter Baum frische Erde

alten Baumes frischer Erde

altem Baum frischer Erde

alten Baum friche Erde

singular neuter plural

junges Mädchen alte Ferien

jungen Mädchens alter Ferien

jungem Mädchen alten Ferien

junges Mädchen alte Ferien

mixed endings

If adjective is preceded by indefinite article, it takes mixed endings

Case

singular masculine singular feminine

-er -e

-en -en

-en -e

singular neuter plural

-es -en

-en -en

-es -en

e.g.

singular masculine singular feminine

ein neuer Hut eine gute Frau

eines neuen Hutes einer guten Frau

einem neuen Hut einer guten Frau

einen neuen Hut eine gute Frau

singular neuter plural

ein altes Radio meine neuen Eltern

eines alten Radios meiner neuen Eltern

einem alten Radio meinen neuen Eltern

ein altes Radio meine neuen Eltern

2 Word Order

Basic word order occupying 90 % of World’s languages is SOV or SVO.

Where S means subject, O means object, and V means predicate.

The non-finite verb (infinitive or participle) remains in final position,

but the finite verb is moved to the second position.

e.g.

Ich lese ein Buch. (I read a book)

Er hat einen Apfel gegessen.

(He has eaten an apple)

Word order may be the order arranging verbs that pile up

at the end in a sentence.

3 Negative sentence

Negative sentences are formed with “nicht” and “kein”.

“nicht” can be placed depending on what to negate.

For example,

“nicht” may be placed in front of word to be denied.

“nicht” may be placed in the end of sentence.

e.g.

Er schläft nicht. (He does not sleep)

In case of the perfect tense,

e.g.

Er hat gestern Nacht nicht geschlafen.

(He has not slept yesterday night)

“nicht” is placed before definite article used with nouns.

e.g.

Er hat nicht das Essen bezahlt, sondern die Getränke.

(He did not pay for eating, but paid for drinking)

“kein” is used in the negation of sentences.

e.g.

Ich habe keinen Hunger. (I am not hungry)

Das ist keine Katze. (That is not a cat)

“nicht” and “kein” are forms of negation, but “nicht”, in general, means not and “kein” means no.

“kein” is used to negate nouns that either have no articles or are preceded by the indefinite article.

“kein” precedes the nouns in sentences.

e.g.

Das ist keine Katze. (That is not a cat)

“nicht” negates nouns preceded by a definite article or a possessive adjective;

or it could negate any part (verb, noun, adjective) or all of a sentence.

“nicht” always follows the verb, but usually precedes the part of the sentence to be negated.

It you want to negate an entire sentence, “nicht” comes at ending position of sentence.

Das ist nicht meine Frau. (That’s not my wife)

Ich liebe dich nicht. (I do not like you)

4 Past tense

Past tense has, in general, simple past and present perfect

Past tense of regular verb is conjugated.

In case of regular verbs,

there is a “-t-” inserted into the stem in past tense.

In case the stem ends with “-d” or “-t“,

verb are insert an extra “-e-“ after its stem end.

e.g.

spielen (play)

ich spiel-t-e,

du spiel-t-est,

er spiel-t-e,

wir spiel-t-en,

ihr spiel-t-et,

sie spiel-t-en.

reden (speak)

ich red-et-e,

du red-et-est,

er red-et-e,

wir red-et-en,

ihr red-et-et,

sie red-et-en.

Irregular verb in past tense changes its stem.

First and third person don’t have an extra ending.

e.g.

fallen (drop)

ich fiel,

du fiel-st,

er fiel,

wir fiel-en,

ihr fiel-t,

sie fiel-en.

geben (give)

ich gab,

du gab-st,

er gab,

wir gab-en,

ihr gab-t,

sie gab-en.

Form of present perfect is “sein or haben ・・・ past particple.

“haben” or “sein” immediately follows the person doing the action.

Past participle stands at the end of the sentence

e.g.

Ich trinke einen Kaffee. (I drink a cup of coffee)

Simple Past Ich trank einen Kaffee.

Present perfect Ich habe einen Kaffee getrunken.

Conjugations of the important verbs “sein” and “haben”.

ich war ich hatte

du warst du hattest

er war er hatte

wir waren wir hatten

ihr wart ihr hattet

sie waren sie hatten

Construction of past participle.

Weak verbs

Stem or stamm of verb is made by removing “en” in the ending.

e.g. stem of machen (to make) is mach.

Past participle adds “ge” prefix at the beginning and “t” at the end.

e.g. machen → gemacht.

kochen (to cook) → gekocht.

Strong verbs

Strong verbs : essen, which often have spelling changes when conjugated.

Past participle adds “ge” at the beginning and “en” at the end.

e.g. essen → gegessen

fahren (to drive) → gefahren

Mixed verbs

Mixed verbs are a mixture of the two types.

Mixed verbs tend to be regular in the present tense,

but combine the ending of a weak verb with the vowel change of a strong verb in the past tense.

e.g. wissen (to know) → gewusst

5 Auxiliary verb (Modal verb)

Principal modal verbs are dürfen, können, mögen, müssen,

sollen and wollen.

Modal verbs express capacity, necessity, obligation, or

permissiony.

Present tense

können (can)

ich kann du kannst er kann

wir können ihr könnt sie können

e.g.

Ich kann Deutsch sprechen.

(I can speak German)

dürfen (may)

ich darf du darfst er darf

wir dürfen ihr dürft sie dürfen

e.g.

Du darfst die Fenster öffnen.

(You may open window)

mögen (like to)

ich mag du magst er mag

wir mögen irh mögt sie mögen

e.g.

Ich mag Fisch nicht. (I dislike fish)

müssen (must)

ich muss du musst er muss

wir müssen ihr müsst sie müssen

e.g.

Sie müssen das Medikament hier einnehmen.

(She must drink the medicine)

sollen (should)

ich soll du sollst er soll

wir sollen ihr sollt sie sollen

eg.

Wir sollten sofort zahlen.

(We should pay right away)

wollen (want)

ich will du willst er will

wir wollen ihr wollt sie wollen

e.g.

Sie wollten nach Spanien reisen

(She will travel to Spain)

6 Voice (Active and Passive)

Passive voice has two forms.

The processual passive is conjugated with the verb werden

to emphasises actions.

The statal passive is conjugated with the verb sein

to emphasis a condition.

e.g.

Ein Mann wurde angefahren.

Er ist verletzt.

Dem Verletzten wurde ein Verband angelegt.

Jetzt wird der Mann ins Krankenhaus gebracht.

We use the processual passive

when we want to emphasise an action.

Who is causing the action is unimportant or unknown.

e.g.

Eine Frau wurde angefahren.

(A lady was approached)

We use the statal passive to describe the condition (situation) after an action.

e.g.

Er ist verletzt. (He is injured)

During the action, the man became hurt – now he is hurt.

Conjugation of German Passive Voice

Processual Passive

To conjugate the processual passive

we need “warden” and past participle of the verb.

Rule for constructing sentences in the processual passive is

subject + werden (+ object) + past participle

present Der Mann wird verletzt.

present perfect Der Mann ist verletzt worden.

Statal Passive

To conjugate the statal passive we need a form of sein and

the past participle of the verb.

The rule for construction sentences in the processual passive is

subject + “sein” + past participle

e.g.

Die Frau ist verletzt.

Die Frau ist verletzt gewesen.

(The lady is injured)

We use active form to emphasise actions.

e.g.

Der Lehrer erklärte uns das Passiv.

We use the passive to emphasise the action itself.

e.g.

Das Passiv wurde uns vom Lehrer erklärt.

(Passive voice was explained us by a teacher)

Verbs that can’t form the passive

Verbs with no accusative object can’t form the passive.

e.g.

Ich fuhr selber nach Kyoto.

(I drove myself to kyoto).

Passive is impossible, because I drove myself.

But: fahren can be used with haben + accusative object.

In this case, passive sentence is possible.

e.g.

Meine Mutter fuhr mich nach Kyoto.

(My mother drove me to Kyoto)

Passive: Ich wurde von meinem Vater nach Berlin gefahren.

other verbs without an accusative object

e.g.

Er schläft. (He sleeps)

But: in colloquial speech we often use an impersonal passive ,

for example as an order.

e.g.

Jetzt wird geschlafen !　(Let’s sleep)

Some verbs having accusative objects can’t be used in passive voice.

For example, haben, kennen, wissen.

e.g.

Ich habe einen Löwen.

Ich kenne die Antwort auf das Problem.

Sie weiß, wie man es löst.

Turning the Active into the Processual Passive

When we turn active into processual passive, the following happen:

Accusative object becomes the subject.

The subject is left off, or only included as “von”. and

“werden” is required in its conjugated form.

present

Jemand verletzt den Mann.

Der Mann wird von jemandem verletzt.

present perfect

Jemand hat den Mann verletzt.

Der Mann ist von jemandem verletzt worden.

7 Adverb

Adverbs are words modifying verbs, adjectives or other adverbs.

They are used to indicate a place, time, cause, and manner.

Place of adverb

Adverbs are placed before or after verbs.

e.g.

Ich lese gern. (I like reading.)

Adverbs are before or after nouns.

e.g.

Ich habe drüben am Ufer ein Boot.

(I have a boat over there by the shore.)

Adverbs are before or after adjectives.

e.g.

Diese Frau ist sehr hübsch.

(This woman is very pretty.)

Types

Adverbs are divided into some groups (Place, Time, Manner etc.).

Adverbs are arranged in the following order in a sentence,

that is, temporal, causal, modal and locative.

e.g.

Morgen farhre ich mit dem Fahrrad ins Café.

Final Comment in German

In 1871, the Iwakura Mission

came into contact with German language

through interviews with Bismarck and others.

German has many conjugations in verb and adjective.

Viruses (ウィルス), medical records (カルテ),

titanium (チタニウム), etc. are derived from German.

Cells in brain are fired only by human feeling.

Everybody can easily master various communication tools.

by AI such as CCB.

Let’s make AI ! Or, I release CCB program (for a charge).

B French

Noun

Noun has masculine or feminine noun.

Masculine Feminine

père mère

coq poule

livre revue

amour liberté

Japon France

Plural noun

Singular noun + “s” = plural noun

This “s” is not pronounced.

garçon → garçons

Ending of a word

In case of –s, -x, -z, : the word is not changed

voix → voix

fils → fils

In case of -al : the ending is changed into –aux

animal → animaux

journal → journaux

In case of –u : the ending is changed into –ux

chapeau → chapeaux

cheveu → cheveux

Article

noun without article abstract noun

noun with article concrete noun

article has three different articles

indefinite article

definite article

partial article

indefinite article

singular masculine un

feminine une

plural des

e.g. un arbre → des arbres

un hôtel → des hôtels

definite article

singular masculine le

feminine la

plural

le livre → les livres

la maison → les maisons

l’ étudiant → l’étudiants

l’homme → l’hommes

partial article

masculine du

feminine de la

partial article is used in case of

uncountable noun and abstract noun

du pain (m)

de la viande (f)

de l’argent (m)

de la chance (f)

Verb

Verbs être and avoir are verbs that have many peculiarities in their conjugation.

Conjugation of être (be) is the following

je suis

tu es

il est

nous sommes

vous êtes

ils sont

e.g. Je suis devant la gare. (I am in front of station)

C’est une usine. (This is a factory)

Conjugation of avoir (have) is the folloing

je ai

tu as

il a

nous avons

vous avez

ils sont

e.g. J’ai un chat. (I have a cat)

Tu as un stylo. (You have a pen)

Aside from être and avoir, Verbs are classified into

some groups according to the ending of their infinitive.

The first group is er verb; The second group is ir verb;

The third group is re verb; The fourth group is oir verb;

Verb ending of er Verb is the following.

e.g. conjugation of aimer (love)

Person ending e.g.

je -e aime

tu -es aimes

il -e aime

nous -ons aimons

vous -ez aimez

ils -ent aiment

e.g.

Ils regardent la télévision. (They watch the television)

Je travaille à Kyoto. (I work at Kyoto)

Verb ending of ir Verb is the following.

e.g. conjugation of venir (come)

Person ending

je -s viens

tu -s viens

il -t vient

nous -ons venons

vous -ez venez

ils -ent viennent

e.g. conjugation of partir (leave)

je -s pars

tu -s pars

il -t part

nous -ons partons

vous -ez partez

ils -ent partent

e.g.

Nous choisissons cette voiture. (We select this car)

Tu pars tout de suite. (You leave at once)

Verb ending of re Verb is the following.

e.g. conjugation of prendre (take)

je -s prends

tu -s prends

il – prend

nous -ons prenons

vous -ez prenez

ils -ent prennent

e.g. Je connais ce vin. (I know this wine)

Tu prends une bière. (You drink beer)

Verb ending of oir Verb is the following.

e.g. conjugation of pouvoir (can)

je -x or -s peux

tu -x or -s peux

il -t peut

nous -ons peuvons

vous -ez peuvez

ils -ent peuvent

e.g. Elle peut être française. (She may be french)

Il veut de nouvelles chaussures. (He wants new boots)

Preposition

Prepositions link nouns, pronouns and phrases

to other words in a sentence.

Prepositional phrases can be replaced by the pronouns y and en.

Some prepositions are used after verbs

to complete their meaning.

en (in, on, to)

e.g. Je suis allé en Italie en 2000.

(I went to Italy in 2000)

chez (in)

e.g. Chez moi, nous avons chiens et chats

(We have dogs and cats in my home)

dans (in)

e.g. Je suis dans la salle de séjour.

(I am in the living room)

de (from, of, about)

e.g. Je viens de Kyoto.

(I come from Kyoto)

à (to, at, in)

e.g. Nous arriverons à Nara à huit heures.

(We will arrive in Nara at 8:00)

à côté de (next to)

e.g. La banque est à côté de la bibliothèque.

(The bank is next to the library)

devant (before)

e.g. Je suis devant le guichet.

(I am before the ticket booth)

en face de (in front of)

e.g. La pharmacie est en face de la boulangerie.

(The pharmacy is in front of the Bakery)

loin de (far from)

e.g. Le supermarché est loin de mon appartement.

(The supermarket is far from my apartment)

près de (near)

e.g. Nara n’est pas près de Kyoto.

(Nara is not near Kyoto)

envers (toward)

e.g. Il était gentil envers nous.

(He was nice toward us)

entre (between)

e.g. Il y l’ arrêt de bus entre la gare et ma maison.

(There is bus stop between station and my house)

parmi (among)

e.g. Elle est respecté parmi ses copains.

(She is respected among his friends)

sur (on)

e.g. Le livre est sur l’étagère.

(The book is on the shelf)

sous (under)

e.g. Le chat aime dormir sous le lit.

(The cat loves to sleep under the bed)

à droite de (to the right of)

e.g. Le marché est à droite de l’école.

(The market is to the right of the school)

à gauche de (to the left of)

e.g. Ma maison est à gauche de votre maison.

(My house is to the left of your house)

derrière (behind)

e.g. La chaise est derrière le bureau.

(The chair is behind the desk)

au-dessous de (below)

e.g. Les livres sont au-dessous de la table.

(Books are below the table)

au-dessus (above)

e.g. J’ai mis un magazine au-dessus de le lit.

(I put a magazine on the bed)

depuis (since)

e.g. J’ai étudié l’allemand depuis 1950.

(I have been studying German since 1950)

pendant (during)

e.g. Elle a regardé le film pendant le voyage.

(She watched the film during the trip)

avant (before)

e.g. J’arriverai avant vous.

(I will arrive before you)

après (after)

e.g. Je rentre à la maison après l’école.

(I return to the house after school)

au sujet de (on the subject of)

e.g. Le professeur est intelligent au sujet de l’économie.

(The professor is intelligent on the subject of the economy)

par (by)

e.g. J’ai été examiné par un médecin.

(I was examined by a doctor)

avec (with)

e.g. J’ai voyagé avec mon ami.

(I traveled with my friend)

contre (against)

e.g. Nous avons joué contre une équipe forte.

(We played against a strong team)

pour (for)

e.g. Elle m’a donné un cadeau pour mon anniversaire.

(She gave me a gift for my birthday)

vers (toward)

e.g. Nous arriverons vers neuf heures.

(We will arrive around 9:00)

d’après (according to)

e.g. D’après le journal, un avion s’est écrasé.

(According to the newspaper, a plane crashed)

environ (approximately)

e.g. Elle a environ 50 montres.

(She has approximately 50 watches)

malgré (despite)

e.g. Le tennis a continué, malgré la pluie.

(The tennis continued despite the rain)

sans (without)

e.g. Les humains ne peuvent pas vivre sans AI.

(Human can’t live without AI)

sauf (except)

e.g. Tout le monde a assisté à la réunion, sauf lui.

(Everyone attended the meeting except him)

selon (according to)

e.g. Le vol est passible selon le cas de la loi.

(Theft is punishable according to the case of the law)

Others

The following is not essential as HML, but

I will explain it a little.

1 adjective

Adjectives agree in number and gender with the noun.

Common adjectives, in principle, come before the noun.

There are, however, some exceptions. They come after the noun.

Adjectives change the following way:

Feminine adjectives add “e”.

Plural adjectives add “s”.

e.g.

regular change

singular feminine Une petite fille

plural Petites filles (small firl(s))

singular masculine Un petit garçon

plural Ces petits gâteaux sont délicieux.

(The small cakes are delicious)

Adjectives don’t need to add “e” when it comes before a feminine noun

since “jeune” already ends with “e”.

e.g.

singular masculine Le jeune homme est parti

(The young man is gone)

singular feminine La jeune femme est partie

(The young woman is gone)

plural Les jeunes hommes sont partis

plural Les jeunes femmes sont parties

irregular change

e.g.

singular masculine Le vieil homme est ici.

(The old man is here)

singular feminine La vieille femme est ici.

(The old woman is here)

plural Les vieux quartiers de Paris sont magnifiques.

(The old districts of Paris are beautiful)

plural Les vieilles maisons sont moins chères.

(The old houses are less expensive)

“beau” has two adjectives: beau and bel

“Beau” becomes “bel” before masculine nouns starting

with a vowel or a silent “h”.

e.g.

singular masculine Elle a un beau visage.

(She has a beautiful face)

singular masculine C’est un bel homme.

(It is a beautiful man)

singular feminine Il a une belle peau.

(He has a beautiful skin)

plural Il est dans de beaux draps.

(He is in a right mess)

2 Word order

Basic word order is SVO in French.

French usually uses a subject–verb–object structure.

but places proclitics before the verb using most pronouns,

e.g.

Nous les avons.

(We have them)

Dual-verb constructions consist of a conjugated semi-auxiliary verb.

It is pouvoir(can), devoir(need), aller(go), espérer(hope),

and promettre(promise).

Two verbs may or may not be joined by a preposition.

e.g.

Je dois me les brosser. (I need to brush them)

Je vais te le donner. (I’m going to give it to you)

Nous espérons y aller. (We hope to go there)

Je promets de le manger. (I promise to eat it)

3 Negative sentence

Negative sentences have two negative terms.

That is, negative sentences add “ne” before the verb and “pas” after it.

When “ne ・・・ pas” is used as negative sentence, verb comes between the two parts.

e.g.

Elle ne montre pas son corps au garçon.

(She does not show her body to boy)

Mon père ne m’a pas montré ses photos.

(My father did not show his pictures to me)

If object is replaced by pronoun, the pronoun comes before verb.

e.g.

Vous ne me l’a pas montré.

(You did not show it to me)

Other ways to make negative sentences.

In addition to “ne・・・pas”, there are other negative forms.

ne・・・personne (no one)

e.g.

Je ne vois personne dans la maison.

(I don’t see anyone in the house)

ne・・・rien (nothing)

e.g.

Il n’y a rien de plus mauvais.

(There is nothing worse)

ne・・・jamais (never)

e.g.

Il n’y a jamais de fumée sans feu.

(There is never smoke without fire)

ne・・・plus (no longer)

e.g.

Ell n’habite plus à Kyoto.

(She lives in Kyoto no longer)

ne・・・aucun (not any)

e.g.

Je ne connais aucun bon professeur.

(I don’t know any good teacher)

4 Past tense

Past tense is, in general, composed of the passé composé,

l’imparfait, and passé simple.

Compound past and imperfect are mainly used.

Compound past

This tense indicates a completed action in the past.

Verb (être or avoir) and past participle are combined.

e.g.

J’ai vu les éléphants au zoo.

(I saw the elephants at the zoo)

Imperfect

Imperfect is used to express actions continuing in the past

but is not necessarily finished.

Imperfect is used mainly for descriptions and feelings.

Habitual actions use the imperfect.

e.g.

J’étais fatigué(e). (I was tired)

Conjugation in compound past of general word

donner (give)

j’ai donné

tu as donné

il a donné

nous avons donné

vous avez donné

ils ons donné

Conjugation in imperfect of important word “avoir” and “être”

avoir (have)

present past

j’ai j’avais

tu as tu avais

il a il avait

nous avons nous avions

vous avez vous aviez

ils ont ils avaient

être (to be)

preset past

je suis j’étais

tu es tu étais

il est il était

nous sommes nous étions

vous êtes vous étiez

ils sont ils étaient

Conjugation in imperfect of general word

prendre (take)

present past

je prends je prenais

tu prends tu prenais

il prend il prenait

nous prenons nous prenions

vous prenez vous preniez

ils prennet ils prenaient

savoir (know)

present past

je sais je savais

tu sais tu savais

il sait il savait

nous savons nous savions

vous savez vous saviez

ils savent ils savaient

Imperfect is used to continue actions (・・・ing)

Compound past is used when actions have finished

5 Auxiliary verb (Modal verb)

French modal verbs are similar to English modal verbs.

French modal verbs are limited to vouloir (to want), pouvoir (can/to be able to), and devoir (must/ to have to).

For example, Je dois aller. (I must go.)

Pouvoir

Je peux tu peux il peut

Nous pouvons vous pouvez ils peuvent

e.g.

Je peux y aller. (I can go there)

permettre

je permets tu permets il permet

Nous permettons vous permettez ils permettent

e.g.

Nous partirons demain, si le temps le permet.

(if the weather is allowed, we go tomorrow)

3 vouloir

je veux tu veux il veut

nous voulons vous voulez ils veulent

e.g.

Je veux rentrer tout de suite.

(I want to return at once)

devoir

je dois tu dois il doit

nous devons vous devez ils doivent

e.g.

Je dois aller. (I must go)

6 Voice (Active and Passive)

A sentence in passive voice has two components

of subject and object.

Actions will be done on an object by the subject.

e.g.

Active Voice: Je mange des boulettes.

Passive Voice: Les boulettes sont mangées par moi.

In passive voice, action of ‘eating’ is done by the subject.

Passive Voice is expressed by “être” + past participle.

Subject + être + past participle+ par/de

e.g.

Je suis frappé par mon ami.

(I am hit by my friend)

Past participle must agree with the subject in gender and number.

Mon ami followed by “par” is a person of action.

Elle est aimée de tout le monde. (She is loved by everybody)

“par” is used with verbs representing action.

“de” is suitable for representing the universality of things.

Passive voice of inanimate subject is represented by pronominal verb.

Pronominal verb “se” + verb

e.g.

Confiserie se mangent tous les jours.

(Confectionery is eaten every day)

The above sentence can be expressed.

On mange les confiserie tous les jours.

7 Adverb

Adverb are words adding to verb to give some information about verb.

When an adverb modifies a verb,

it is placed before or after the conjugated verb.

e.g.

Nous avons bien mangé. (We ate well)

Je regarde souvent la télé le soir.

(I often watch TV in the evening)

2. When an adverb modifies an adjective or another adverb,

it is placed in front of the word.

e.g.

Je suis profondément ému.

(I am deeply moved)

Nous avons très bien mangé.

(We ate very well)

8 Final Comment in French

In 1615 Samurai (Tsunenaga Hasekura:支倉常長)

on his way to Rome landed in Saint-Tropez.

French and Japan became important partners

from the second half of the 19th century in the military,

economic, legal and artistic fields.

The Tokugawa shogunate modernized its army

through French missions (Brunet).

French never repeats the same words.

French basically cannot omit the main pronoun.

Crayons (クレヨン), gourmets (グルメ) and

omelettes (オムレツ) are derived from French.

Cells in brain are fired only by human feeling.

Everybody can easily master various communication tools.

by AI such as CCB.

Let’s make AI ! Or, I release CCB program (for a charge).

C Spanish

Noun

Noun is either masculine or feminine and

always require an article

The gender of nouns that do not refer to persons or

animals, where the gender is apparent, must be learned.

Gender of nouns may be judged by Noun Endings

Endings of nouns

in case of -o, masculine

e.g. el libro

in case of -a , feminine

e.g. la casa

in case of -ción feminine

e.g. la lección

in case of -sión feminine

e.g. la ilusión

in case of -dad feminine

e.g. la ciudad

in case of -tad feminine

e.g. dificultad

in case of -tud feminine

e.g. solicitud

Plural of nouns

depending on noun ending

in case of vowel, plural nouns add “s”

e.g. el chico → los chicos

in case of consonant, plural nouns add “es”

e.g. la flor → las flores

Article

There are four forms of the definite article in spanish.

The definite article agrees in gender and number of noun.

singular masculine → el

e.g. el libro (the book)

feminine → la

e.g. la pluma (the pen)

plural masculine → los

e.g. los libros (the books)

feminine → las

e.g. las plumas (the pens)

When the preposition “a” or “de” is in front of definite

article “el”, it contracts as follows.

e.g. a + el → al

de + el → del

There are four forms of the indefinite article in spanish.

singularmasculine → un

e.g. un libro (a book)

feminine → unos

e.g. unos naranja (an orange)

plural masculine → una

e.g. un libro → unos libros

feminine → unas

e.g. una naranja → unas naranjas

Verb

Verbs express an action or a state of being of a given subject.

Verb’s form must agree with the subject in person and number.

Verbs estar, ser and haber are verbs that have peculiarities in their conjugation.

Both estar and ser are equivalent to English be Verb. However,

Estar is used in case of temporary situation. and

Estar is used in case of position, action, condition and emotion.

Ser is used in case of permanent or long term situation. and

Ser is used in case of description, occupation, characteristic, or time.

Conjugation of estar (to be) is the following

yo estoy

usted estás

él está

nosotros estamos

vosotros estáis

ellos están

e.g. Estoy cansado. (I am tired)

Como está su familia ? (How is your family)

(Note) Subject may be often omitted in spanish.

Conjugation of ser (to be) is the following

yo soy

usted eres

él es

nosotros somos

vosotros sois

ellos son

e.g. Soy japonés. (I am japanese)

Ésta es mi amiga. (She is my friend)

Conjugation of haber (have) is the following

yo he

usted has

él ha or hay

nosotros hemos

vosotros habéis

ellos han

e.g. Hay un libro en la mesa. (There are a book on table)

Hay mucha gente en la playa.

(There are many people on the beach)

Regular verbs are, in principle, classified into three groups

ending in the letters –ar, -er, or –ir.

ar Verb

e.g. hablar (speak)

yo -o hablo

tú -as hablas

él -a habla

nosotros -amos hablamos

vosotros -áis habláis

ellos -an hablan

e.g. Hablo español un poco. (I speak spanish a little)

er Verb

e.g. comer (eat)

yo -o como

tú -es comes

él -e come

nosotros -emos comemos

vosotros -éis coméis

ellos -en comen

e.g. Deseo comer algo. (I want to eat something)

ir Verb

e.g. vivir (live)

yo -o vivo

tú -es vives

él -e vive

nosotros -imos vivimos

vosotros -ís vivís

ellos -en viven

e.g. Él vive en este edificio. (He lives in this building)

Preposition

Preposition is a type of word expressing a relation to another word or element in sentence.

The following shows the most common prepositions along with their meanings and example sentences.

a (to, at)

e.g.

Vamos a nadar.

(We are going to swim)

bajo (under)

e.g.

El bebé está debajo de la mesa.

(The baby is under the table)

contra (against)

e.g.

Está en contra de las nuevas leyes.

(He is against the new laws.)

desde (from, since)

e.g.

Llama a mi madre desde su casa.

(She calls my mother from her house.)

en (in, on, at)

e.g.

Están en el teatro.

(They are in the theater)

hacia (until, toward)

e.g.

Corremos hacia la salida del edificio.

(We run towards the building’s exit)

para (for, in order to)

e.g.

tienes que conducir un coche para ir a la playa.

(you have to drive a car to go to the beach)

según (according to)

e.g.

Según el tiempo, vamos a la escuela.

(Depending on the time, we go to the school)

sobre (about, on, upon, above, over)

e.g.

No pongas tu ropa sucia sobre la mesa.

(Don’t put your dirty clothes on the table)

ante (before, in the presence of)

e.g.

El gato estaba ante la casa.

(The cat was before the house)

con (with)

e.g.

Voy a la fiesta con mis amigos.

(I go to the party with my friends)

de (of, from)

e.g.

Estamos contentos de nuestro hijo.

(We are happy with our son)

detrás de (behind)

e.g.

Ella caminó detrás de su tía.

(She walked behind her aunt)

alrededor de (around)

e.g.

Hay flores alrededor del mercado.

(There are flowers around the merket)

debajo de (under)

e.g.

El gato estaba sentando debajo de la silla.

(The cat was sitting under the chair)

encima de (on top of)

e.g.

Tu sombrero está encima de la cama.

(Your hat’s on top of the bed)

frente a (in front of)

e.g.

Hay una tienda frente a mi escuela.

(There is a shop in front of my school)

fuera de (outside of)

e.g.

El perro esperó fuera de la tienda.

(The dog waited outside the shop)

dentro de (inside of)

e.g.

Puedo hacerlo dentro de mi cabeza.

(I can do it in my head)

entre (between, among)

e.g.

La puerta está entre las ventanas.

(The door is between the windows)

hasta (until, toward)

e.g.

Se quedan con nosotros hasta mañana.

(They stay with us until tomorrow)

por (for, by)

e.g.

Tengo que pasar por la farmacia para ir a la tienda.

(I have to pass by the pharmacy in order to go to the shop.)

sin (without)

e.g.

Ella puede hacer su tarea sin la ayuda de sus padres.

(She can do her homework without her parents’ help.)

tras (after, behind)

e.g.

Me siento cada vez más tranquilo mes tras mes.

(I feel increasingly calmer month after month.)

Others

The following is not essential as HML, but

I will explain it a little.

1 Adjective

Most adjectives end in o, e, or a consonant in singular masculine.

Adjectives have rules for matching them to nouns

in gender and number.

Singular masculine change feminine noun replacing -o ending with a.

e.g.

Es un perro negro. (It’s a black dog)

Es una camisa negra. (It’s a black shirt)

Plural adjective adds s to the singular ending.

e.g.

El hombre es alto. (The man is tall)

Los hombres son altos.

Adjectives ending in e or -ista do not change according to gender.

But these adjectives change for number.

Plural add s to singular ending.

-e -es

-ista -istas

Most adjectives ending in a consonant do not change according

to gender, but change according to number.

e.g.

El enigma es fácil. (The riddle is easy)

Los enigmas son fáciles.

Singular ending in z changes to a ces in the plural ending.

e.g.

El gato es feliz. (The cat is happy)

Los gatos son felices. (The cats are happy)

Singular ending in -or, -ón, or -ín adds a or -as in the masculine ending.

e.g.

Mi hermano es trabajador. (My brother is hardworking)

Mi hermana es trabajadora. (My sister is hardworking)

Adjectives ending in -erior do not have a feminine.

e.g.

Está en el patio exterior del edificio.

(He’s in the back patio of the building)

Está en la parte posterior del edificio.

(He’s in the back part of the building)

2 Word order

Basic word order is SVO in spanish.

Spanish usually uses a subject–verb–object structure,

but dual-verb construction put enclitic pronoun before the verb.

e.g.

Yo lo como (I eat it)

Word order seems to be a wide variety of ways of

ordering words in a sentence,

Spanish is more flexible with its word order.

Sentence consists of a noun followed by a verb

followed by an object.

Word order can be seen frequently in everyday writing

such as newspapers.

e.g.

Un coche blanco será más fresco en verano.

(A white car will be cooler in summer)

As to adjective, blanco comes after the word for car, but after coche.

C Negative sentence

Negative sentence is expressed with use of “no”.

“No” is placed directly before the verb,

unless the verb is preceded by an object.

e.g.

No soy de America. (I’m not from America)

No lo quiero. (I don’t want it)

Spanish frequently uses other negative words.

For example,

Nada (nothing), Nadie (nobody), Nunca (never), Tampoco (neither)

Nunca and tampoco can be placed right before verb

or toward the end of a sentence.

e.g.

Nunca voy a la playa.

or No voy a la playa nunca.

(I never go to the beach.)

Tampoco voy a la piscina.

or No voy a la piscina tampoco.

(I’m not going to the pool either)

Nada and nadie can be placed right before verb, if used as subject of a sentence.

e.g.

Nada es fácil. (Nothing is easy)

No quiero hacer nada hoy.

(I don’t want to do anything today)

Nadie quiere lavar los platos.

(Nobody wants to do the dishes)

No hay nadie aquí．(There is no one here)

4 Past tense

Past tense has, in general, preterite (point past)

and imperfect (line past).

Preterite expresses the completed events or facts in the past.

Imperfect expresses continuing events and facts in the past.

In short, preterite expresses “did something” in the past, and

imperfect means “doing something” in the past.

Regular conjugation of preterite (point past)

In case of ar-verb,

Verbs remove “ar” and add

“-é,-aste,-ó,-amos,-asteis, or -aron” in the ending.

In case of er-verb and ir-verb,

Verbs remove “er” or “ir” and add

“-í,-iste,-ió,-imos,-isteis, or –ieron” in the ending.

ar-verb er-verb ir-verb

yo hablé (speak) comí (come) viví (live)

tú hable comiste viviste

él habló comió vivió

nosotros hablamos comimos vivimos

vosotros hablasteis comisteis vivisteis

ellos hablaron comieron vivieron

e.g.

Él habló japonés. (er spoke Japanese)

Viniste de Kyoto. (You came from Kyoto)

Viví tres años en Nara (I lived for three years in Nara)

Irregular conjugation of preterite

Basic conjugation of ending of word in preterite

-e, -iste, -o, -imos, -isteis, and -ieron

e.g.

estar (be) poner (put) venir (come)

yo estuve pude vine

tú estuviste pudiste viniste

él estuvo pudo vino

nosotros estuvimos pudimos vinimos

vosotros estuvisteis pudisteis vinisteis

ellos estuvieron pudieron vinieron

Important words “ser” and “ir” are the same conjugation.

e.g.

ser (be) and ir (go)

yo fui

tú fuiste

él fue

nosotros fuimos

vosotros fuisteis

ellos fueron

Note : be-verb has two forms, that is, “estar” and “ser” in spanish.

Regular conjugation of imperfect (line past)

Basic conjugation of ending of word in imperfect

-e, -iste, -o, -imos, -isteis, and -ieron

In case of ar-verb,

Verbs remove “ar” and add

“-aba,-abas,-aba,-ábamos,-abais or -aban” in the ending.

In case of er-verb and ir-verb,

Verbs remove “er” or “ir” and add

“-ía,-ías,-ía,-íamos,-íais or -ían” in the ending.

ar-verb er-verb ir-verb

yo hablaba comía vivía

tú hablabas comías vivías

él hablaba comía vivía

nosotros hablábamos comíamos vivíamos

vosotros hablabais comíais vivíais

ellos hablaban comían vivían

Irregular conjugation word of preterite is only three words,

that is, “ser”, “ir” and “ver”.

ser (be) ir (go) ver (see)

yo era iba veía

tú eras ibas veías

él era iba veía

nosotros éramos íbamos veíamos

vosotros erais ibais veíais

ellos eran iban veían

5 Auxiliary verb (Modal verb)

There are five key modal verbs in Spanish:

deber, querer, saber, poder and soler.

These verbs are always followed by an infinitive.

In contrast to auxiliary verbs, modal verbs carry their own meaning;

They express the writer’s attitude towards an action.

Modal verbs can indicate obligation, desire, ability, capability,

permission, possibility, probability and repetition in relation

to the action expressed by the main verb.

1 poder (can)

“poder” used to indicate capability.

yo puedo tú puedes él puede

nosotros podemos vosotros podéis ellos pueden

e.g.

No puedo salir hoy noche.

(I can’t go out tonight)

No se puede fumar en la sala.

(You cannot smoke inside the theater)

2 saber (can)

As a modal verb “saber” describes an ability:

yo sé tú sabes él sabe

nosotros sabemos vosotros sabéis ellos saben

e.g.

Debes saber algo sobre él.

(You must know something about him)

Sé tocar el piano.

(I know how to play the piano)

3 querer

yo quiero tú quieres él quiere

nosotros queremos vosotros queréis ellos quieren

e.g.

Quiero hacer una fiesta.

(I want to have a party)

Quiero comer chocolate.

(I want to eat chocolate)

4 deber

The modal verb “deber” is used to describe obligations:

Yo debo tú debes él debe

nosotros debemos vosotros debéis ellos deben

e.g.

Los niños deben dormir temprano.

(The children must sleep early)

Debes trabajar más.

(You must work more)

5 soler

“Soler” is used to express regularities:

yo suelo tú sueles él suele

nosotros solemos vosotros soléis ellos suelen

e.g.

Yo suelo cepillar mis dientes 3 veces al día.

(I’m used to brushing my teeth 3 times a day)

Suelo estudiar por la tarde.

(I usually study in the afternoon)

6 Tener que (to have to, obligation)

Conjugation of tener

yo tengo tú tienes él tiene

nosotros tenemos vosotros tenéis ellos tienen

e.g.

Tengo que estudiar mucho para el examen.

(I have to study very much for the exam)

Tienes que decir algo.

(You have to say something)

6 Voice (Active and Passive)

Spanish has two ways of expressing passive sentences,

that is, passive voice and passive “se”

passive voice is expressed by

“ser” + past participle

e.g.

El herido es conducido al hospital.

(The wounded man is taken to the hospital)

passive “se” is expressed by

“se” ＋ third person verb

e.g.

Se buscan actores para una película.

(You’re looking for actors for a movie)

Active voice is used to emphasise an action.

e.g.

La ambulancia conduce al herido al hospital.

(The ambulance leads the wounded man to the hospital)

The passive voice is used to emphasise the action itself.

e.g.

El herido es conducido por la ambulancia al hospital.

(The injured man is taken by ambulance to the hospital)

Daily communication uses active voice or passive “se”.

Active voice is used to emphasises an action.

e.g.

Un hombre ha sido atropellado.

(A man has been run over)

Passive voice is introduced by the preposition “por”.

e.g.

El herido es conducido al hospital por la ambulancia.

(The injured man is taken to the hospital by ambulance)

Active sentence use auxiliary verb “ser” and participle.

Participle agrees with passive subject in gender and number.

e.g.

El herido es conducido al hospital.

(The wounded man is taken to the hospital)

Los testimonios son recogidos.

(Testimonies are collected)

The following show an overview of sentence structure

La ambulancia conduce al herido al hospital. (Active)

(The ambulance leads the wounded man to the hospital)

El herido es conducido al hospital por la ambulancia. (Passive)

(The injured man is taken to the hospital by ambulance)

Subject of passive construction cannot be a person.

The pronoun “se” is followed by the verb in 3^rd person

depending on the subject.

Participle is invariable.

e.g.

Se ha recogido el libro.

(The book has been collected)

Se han recogido los libro.

(The book have been collected)

Subject of the passive “se” goes after the verb, but go before the verb.

e.g.

Se han recogido los jugadores.

(Players have been collected)

Los jugadores se han recogidos

(Players have been collected)

When direct object of verb in the active voice is a person,

it must be introduced by the preposition “a”.

e.g.

La policía ha contactado a los testigos.

(The police have contacted the witnesses)

Se ha contactado a los testigos.

(Witnesses have been contacted)

7 Adverb

Adverbs are words used to modify verbs, adjectives, or other adverbs.

An adverb can give information about time, place, manner, or number.

1 An adverb usually comes after the verb.

2 An adverb always comes before the adjective.

3 An adverb always comes before the adverb.

Adverbs can be categorized into several types, including adverbs of place, adverbs of time, adverbs of quantity, and adverbs of manner.

Note :

feminine singular adjective + -mente

(equivalent to English -ly)